NURSING AS a
PROFESSION
DEFINITION &
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSION
Definition-
Profession
l . A "profession" is defined
as a vocation in which skill based on theoretical knowledge acquired through
higher education, is applied to the affairs of others in order to meet their
needs.
- Kozier B.
3. A
profession is regulated by a professional body which sets examinations of
competence, acts as licensing authority for practitioners, and enforces
adherence to an ethical code.
4. A
Profession is an occupation based on specialized intellectual study and
training. The purpose of which is to supply skilled service with ethical
components to others for a definite fee or salary.
How
the profession differs from other kinds of occupation….???????
What
is "professionalism"?
It refers to professional character,
spirit, or methods. It is a set of attributes, a way of life that implies
responsibility and commitment.
What
is "professionalization"?
It is the process of becoming professional,
that is, of acquiring characteristics
Considered to be professional.
Characteristics
of a Profession:
·
Specialized Education
·
Body of knowledge
·
Service Orientation
·
Ongoing Research
·
Code of ethics
·
Autonomy
·
Professional Organization
"Rich"
lists 7 Characteristics of Profession:
1.
Requires a high degree of general &
systematized knowledge.
2.
Require a long period of specialized intellectual
training.
3.
It is characterized by work that is essentially
intellectual.
4.
Provides a unique social service (Specific service)
5. Controls
its standards of entrance & exclusion
6.
Develops & enforces a professional code of
ethics.
7.
Grants practioners a broad range of autonomy.
"Five
characteristics of a professional"
1.
Take advantage of every opportunity
2.
Start by asking questions
3.
Dedicate yourself
4.
Use stories
5.
Develop your persuasive powers.
DEFINITION & CONCEPTS OF NURSING
·
The word 'Nurse' originated from the Latin Word
nutrix, meaning "to nourish".
·
Person who nourishes, fosters, and protects and
who is prepared to take care of sick, injured, and aged people.
·
It is too limited — present expanding roles and
functions
Definition
of nursing:
1.)
Nursing as the protection, promotion and optimization
of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of
suffering through diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in
the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.
(ANA, 2010b)
(This definition asserts the prominence and importance
nursing holds in providing
health care to our community)
2.) Nursing is the
unique function of the nurse, that is to assist the individual (sick or well)
in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery
(or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge.
- International
Council of Nurses (ICN).
3.) Nursing is a
unique function of the nurse, that is to assist the individual, sick or well, in
the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or
to a peaceful death) that he/she would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength
will or knowledge, and to do so in such a way as to help him/her to gain
independence as rapidly as possible.
-Virginia Henderson
4.) Nursing is a dynamic, therapeutic
and educative process in meeting the health needs of the individual, family and
society.
Royal College of
Nursing (UK), Defining Nursing will be useful to:
·
describe nursing to people who do not understand
it clarify the role of the nurse in the multidisciplinary health care team
influence the policy agenda at local and national level
·
develop educational curricula identify areas
where research is needed to strengthen the knowledge base of nursing inform
decisions about whether and how nursing work should be delegated to other
personnel
·
Support negotiations at local and national level
on issues such as nurse staffing, skill mix and nurses' pay.
Definition of Nursing
by RCN-:
Nursing is the use of clinical
judgement in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or
recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible
quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death.
Royal College of
Nursing (UK)
The
characteristics derived from RCN definition are: Nursing has a
1.
A particular purpose
2.
A particular mode of intervention
3.
A particular domain
4.
A particular focus
5.
A particular value base
6.
A commitment to partnership
Comprehensive
Nursing
·
It is a systematic process of problem diagnosis,
problem analysis, development of plan of care and continuous assessment of
evolving plan of care.
·
It is an individualized plan based upon
scientific principles and concepts in the form of understanding on the part of
the nurses and the utilization of specialized skills and techniques for the care
of the "whole patient", that is to say meeting the physical,
psychological, spiritual, economical and intellectual needs of the patient.
Theoretical
concepts:
A nursing theory is a conceptualization of
some aspect of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining,
predicting and/or prescribing nursing care
Meleis. 2006.
“4” Major
Concepts of nursing:
Person:
It refers to all human beings. People are recipients of nursing care; they
include families, community and groups.
Environment:
It includes factors that affect individuals internally and externally. It means
not only everyday surroundings but also settings where nursing care is
provided.
Selected
Nursing Theory Concepts:
Nightingale's
Theory (1860)
Goal of nursing: To facilitate "the
body's reparative process" by manipulating client's
environment.
Framework
for practice: nurse manipulates client's environment to include noise,
nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization and hope.
Peplau's
theory (1952)
·
Focuses on the individual, the nurse, and the
interactive process. The result is the nurse-client relationship.
·
The client is an individual with a need, and
nursing is an interpersonal and therapeutic process.
Goal
of nursing: develop interaction between nurse and client.
Framework
for practice: nursing is a significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process.
Nurses participate in structuring health care systems to facilitate
interpersonal relationships
Henderson's theory (1955): It defines
nursing as "assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of
those activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death
and that the individual would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary
strength, will, or knowledge.
The
goal is "independence"
Goal
of nursing: Maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for and
rehabilitate ill and disabled client through "humanistic science of
nursing".
Framework
of practice: Unitary man evolves along life process. Clients continuously
changes and coexist with environment.
Orem's
theory (1971)
Dorothea Orem's self care deficit theory
focuses on client's self care needs.
Goal
of nursing: care for and help client attain total self care.
Framework
of practice: nursing care is necessary when the client is unable to fulfill
biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.
Leninger's
theory (1978)
Leninger's cultural care diversity and
universality theory states that care is the essence of nursing and dominant,
distinctive, and unifying future of nursing.
Goal
of nursing: provide care consistent with the nursing's emerging science and
knowledge with caring as central focus.
Framework
of practice: caring is the central and unifying domain for nursing
knowledge and practice.
Roy's
theory (1979)
Sister calista Roy's adaptation theory
views the client as an adaptive system.
Goal of nursing:
identify types of domains placed on client, assess adaptation to demands, and
help client adapt.
Framework
of practice: based on the physiological, psychological, sociological, and
dependence-independence adaptive models.
King's
theory (1971)
Goal
of nursing: Use communication to help client reestablish positive
adaptation to environment.
Framework
of practice: Nursing is a dynamic interpersonal process between nurse,
client, and health care system.
Betty
Neuman's theory (1972)
Goal
of nursing: assists individuals, families, and groups in attaining and
maintaining maximal level of total wellness by purposeful interventions.
Framework
of practice: stress reduction is goal of systems model of nursing practice.
Nursing actions are in primary, secondary,
or tertiary level of prevention.
Watson's
theory (1979)
Jean Watson's philosophy of transpersonal
caring defines the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the humanistic
aspects of life.
Goal
of nursing: Promote health, restore client to health, and prevent illness.
Framework
of practice: Involves the philosophy and science of caring; caring is an
interpersonal process comprising interventions to meet human needs.
Brenner
and Wrubel (1989)
Goal
of nursing: Focus on client's need for caring as a means of coping with
stressors of illness.
Framework of practice:
Caring is central to the essence of nursing. Caring creates the possibilities
for and enables possibilities connecting with and concern for others.
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