Theories Of Nursing And Nursing Process

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THEORIES OF NURSING AND NURSING PROCESS
DEFINITIONS:
·         A theory is a group of related concepts that propose action that guide practice.
·         Components of a theory:
·         Phenomena, concepts, definitions, assumptions or propositions.
·   A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions,relationships,and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive,systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter-relationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining,predicting,and /or prescribing.

ROAD MAPS:
Theories are road maps that provide a framework for selecting and organizing information:
·         What to ask
·         What to observe
·         What to focus on
·         What to think about

NURSING THEORY DEFINITION:
Nursing theory is an organized and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to questions in the discipline of nursing.

USES OF THEORY:
Theory is used to:
·         Describe
·         Explain
·         Predict
·         Prescribe

USES OF NURSING THEORY:
·         Define relationships among the variables of   a given field of inquiry
·         Guide research, practice and communication
·         Allow the prediction of the consequences of care
·         Allow the prediction of a range of patient responses

TYPES OF THEORY:
In Nursing there are four types of theories:
·         Needs
·         Interaction
·         Outcome
·         Humanistic

PRACTICE VALUE OF THEORY:
In Practice:
·         Assist nurses to describe, explain, and predict everyday experiences.
·         Serve to guide assessment, intervention, and evaluation of nursing care.
·         Provide a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health status of clients, which are essential for effective decision making and implementation.
·         Help to establish criteria to measure the quality of nursing care
·         Help build a common nursing terminology to use in communicating with other health professionals. Ideas are developed and words defined.
·         Enhance autonomy (independence and self-governance) of nursing by defining its own independent functions.
In Education:
·         Provide a general focus for curriculum design.
·         Guide curricular decision making
In Research:
·         Offer a framework for generating knowledge and new ideas.
·         Assist in discovering knowledge gaps in specific field of study.
·         Offer a systematic approach to identify questions for study, select variables, interpret findings, and validate nursing interventions.
·         Nursing theories address and specify relationships among four major abstract concepts referred to as the metaparadigm of nursing.

FOUR CONCEPTS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE CENTRAL TO NURSING :
·         Person or client, the recipient of nursing care (includes individuals, families, groups, and communities).
·         Environment, the internal and external surroundings that affect the client. This includes people in the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others.
·         Health, the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences.
·         Nursing, the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of, or in conjunction with, the client

NIGHTINGALE’S ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY:





·         “The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”
·         She linked health with five environmental factors :
·         Pure or fresh air
·         Pure water
·         Efficient drainage
·         Cleanliness
·         Light, especially direct sunlight
Deficiencies in these five factors produced lack of health or illness.

PEPLAU’S INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS MODEL:

·         Nurses enter into a personal relationship with an individual when a felt need is present.
·         She describes 4 phases of nurse-patient relationship:
·         Orientation (On admission)
·         Identification (During intensive treatment period)
·         Exploration (Convalescence and rehabilitation)
·         Resolution (Discharge)

HENDERSON’S DEFINITION OF NURSING:
·         Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or well individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs (Henderson)
·         Breathing normally
·         Eating and drinking adequately
·         Eliminating body wastes
·         Moving and maintaining a desirable position
·         Sleeping and resting
·         Selecting suitable clothes
·         Maintaining body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment.
·         Keeping the body clean and well groomed to protect the integument.
·         Avoiding dangers in the environment and avoiding injuring others
·         Communicating with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions
·         Worshipping according to one’s faith
·         Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
·         Playing or participating in various forms of recreation.
·         Learning, discovering, or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health, and using available health facilities

ROGER’S SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS:
·         She states that humans are dynamic energy fields in continuous exchange with environmental fields, both of which are infinite.
·         Direct and redirect patterns of interaction between the two energy fields to promote maximum health potential
·         There are two energy field:
      • Human field
      • Environmental field

OREM’S GENERAL THEORY OF NURSING:

·     Orem’s self-care deficit theory explains not only when nursing is needed but also how people can be assisted through five methods of helping:
·         acting or doing for,
·         guiding,
·         teaching,
·         supporting, and
·         Providing an environment that promotes the individual’s abilities to meet current and future demands.

KING’S GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY:

·         King’s theory offers insight into nurses’ interactions with individuals and groups within the environment.
·         It highlights the importance of client’s participation in decision that influence care and focuses on both the process of nurse-client interaction and the outcomes of care

BETTY NEUMAN’S SYSTEMS MODEL:


·         The model is based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature.
·         Betty Neuman’s model of nursing is applicable to a variety of nursing practice settings involving individuals, families, groups, and communities.
·         Main concepts behind the theory:
·         Flexible line of defense
·         Normal line of dense
·         Lines of resistance

ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL:
·         Roy focuses on the individual as a bio-psychosocial adaptive system that employs a feedback cycle of input (stimuli), throughput (control processes), and output (behaviors or adaptive responses).

PARSE’S HUMAN BECOMING THEORY:
·         Parse's Theory of Humanbecoming is focused on quality of life.
·         It has three major themes or principles being meaning, rhythmicity and transcendence.
·         The goal of the discipline of nursing “is to enhance the quality of life from the person’s, family’s, and community’s perspective.
·         The goal of the humanbecoming nurse it to be truly present with people as they enhance the quality of their lives.” 
·         The humanbecoming theory develops trust and mutual understanding of care; relieves stress and facilities healing all of which are the foundation holistic care and nursing.

LEININGER’S CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY THEORY:
·         She emphasizes that human caring, although a universal phenomenon, varies among cultures in its expressions, processes, and patterns; it is largely culturally derived.

OREM’S GENERAL THEORY OF NURSING:
·         Assessing
·         Involves collecting data about the client’s capacities (knowledge, skills, and motivation) to perform universal, developmental, and health-deviation      self-care requisites. Determine self-care deficits.
·         Diagnosing
·         Stated in terms of the client’s limitations for maintaining self care (a deficit in self-care agency)
·         Planning
·         Involves considering and designing, with the client’s participation, an appropriate nursing system (wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, supportive-educative, or a mix) that will help the client achieve an optimal level of self-care
·         Implementing
·         Assisting the client
·         Evaluating
·         Determining the Client’s level of achievement.


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Theories Of Nursing And Nursing Process
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