Theories Of Nursing And Nursing Process

THEORIES OF NURSING AND NURSING PROCESS

DEFINITIONS:

·         A theory is a group of related concepts that propose action that guide practice.

·         Components of a theory:

·         Phenomena, concepts, definitions, assumptions or propositions.

·   A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions,relationships,and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive,systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter-relationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining,predicting,and /or prescribing.

ROAD MAPS:

Theories are road maps that provide a framework for selecting and organizing information:

·         What to ask

·         What to observe

·         What to focus on

·         What to think about

NURSING THEORY DEFINITION:

Nursing theory is an organized and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to questions in the discipline of nursing.

USES OF THEORY:

Theory is used to:

·         Describe

·         Explain

·         Predict

·         Prescribe

USES OF NURSING THEORY:

·         Define relationships among the variables of   a given field of inquiry

·         Guide research, practice and communication

·         Allow the prediction of the consequences of care

·         Allow the prediction of a range of patient responses

TYPES OF THEORY:

In Nursing there are four types of theories:

·         Needs

·         Interaction

·         Outcome

·         Humanistic

PRACTICE VALUE OF THEORY:

In Practice:

·         Assist nurses to describe, explain, and predict everyday experiences.

·         Serve to guide assessment, intervention, and evaluation of nursing care.

·         Provide a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health status of clients, which are essential for effective decision making and implementation.

·         Help to establish criteria to measure the quality of nursing care

·         Help build a common nursing terminology to use in communicating with other health professionals. Ideas are developed and words defined.

·         Enhance autonomy (independence and self-governance) of nursing by defining its own independent functions.

In Education:

·         Provide a general focus for curriculum design.

·         Guide curricular decision making

In Research:

·         Offer a framework for generating knowledge and new ideas.

·         Assist in discovering knowledge gaps in specific field of study.

·         Offer a systematic approach to identify questions for study, select variables, interpret findings, and validate nursing interventions.

·         Nursing theories address and specify relationships among four major abstract concepts referred to as the metaparadigm of nursing.

FOUR CONCEPTS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE CENTRAL TO NURSING :

·         Person or client, the recipient of nursing care (includes individuals, families, groups, and communities).

·         Environment, the internal and external surroundings that affect the client. This includes people in the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others.

·         Health, the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences.

·         Nursing, the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of, or in conjunction with, the client

NIGHTINGALE’S ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY:

·         “The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”

·         She linked health with five environmental factors :

·         Pure or fresh air

·         Pure water

·         Efficient drainage

·         Cleanliness

·         Light, especially direct sunlight

Deficiencies in these five factors produced lack of health or illness.

PEPLAU’S INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS MODEL:

·         Nurses enter into a personal relationship with an individual when a felt need is present.

·         She describes 4 phases of nurse-patient relationship:

·         Orientation (On admission)

·         Identification (During intensive treatment period)

·         Exploration (Convalescence and rehabilitation)

·         Resolution (Discharge)

HENDERSON’S DEFINITION OF NURSING:

·         Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or well individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs (Henderson)

·         Breathing normally

·         Eating and drinking adequately

·         Eliminating body wastes

·         Moving and maintaining a desirable position

·         Sleeping and resting

·         Selecting suitable clothes

·         Maintaining body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment.

·         Keeping the body clean and well groomed to protect the integument.

·         Avoiding dangers in the environment and avoiding injuring others

·         Communicating with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions

·         Worshipping according to one’s faith

·         Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment

·         Playing or participating in various forms of recreation.

·         Learning, discovering, or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health, and using available health facilities

ROGER’S SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS:

·         She states that humans are dynamic energy fields in continuous exchange with environmental fields, both of which are infinite.

·         Direct and redirect patterns of interaction between the two energy fields to promote maximum health potential

·         There are two energy field:

• Human field
• Environmental field

OREM’S GENERAL THEORY OF NURSING:

·     Orem’s self-care deficit theory explains not only when nursing is needed but also how people can be assisted through five methods of helping:

·         acting or doing for,

·         guiding,

·         teaching,

·         supporting, and

·         Providing an environment that promotes the individual’s abilities to meet current and future demands.

KING’S GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY:

·         King’s theory offers insight into nurses’ interactions with individuals and groups within the environment.

·         It highlights the importance of client’s participation in decision that influence care and focuses on both the process of nurse-client interaction and the outcomes of care

BETTY NEUMAN’S SYSTEMS MODEL:

·         The model is based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature.

·         Betty Neuman’s model of nursing is applicable to a variety of nursing practice settings involving individuals, families, groups, and communities.

·         Main concepts behind the theory:

·         Flexible line of defense

·         Normal line of dense

·         Lines of resistance

ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL:

·         Roy focuses on the individual as a bio-psychosocial adaptive system that employs a feedback cycle of input (stimuli), throughput (control processes), and output (behaviors or adaptive responses).

PARSE’S HUMAN BECOMING THEORY:

·         Parse's Theory of Humanbecoming is focused on quality of life.

·         It has three major themes or principles being meaning, rhythmicity and transcendence.

·         The goal of the discipline of nursing “is to enhance the quality of life from the person’s, family’s, and community’s perspective.

·         The goal of the humanbecoming nurse it to be truly present with people as they enhance the quality of their lives.” 

·         The humanbecoming theory develops trust and mutual understanding of care; relieves stress and facilities healing all of which are the foundation holistic care and nursing.

LEININGER’S CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY THEORY:

·         She emphasizes that human caring, although a universal phenomenon, varies among cultures in its expressions, processes, and patterns; it is largely culturally derived.

OREM’S GENERAL THEORY OF NURSING:

·         Assessing

·         Involves collecting data about the client’s capacities (knowledge, skills, and motivation) to perform universal, developmental, and health-deviation      self-care requisites. Determine self-care deficits.

·         Diagnosing

·         Stated in terms of the client’s limitations for maintaining self care (a deficit in self-care agency)

·         Planning

·         Involves considering and designing, with the client’s participation, an appropriate nursing system (wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, supportive-educative, or a mix) that will help the client achieve an optimal level of self-care

·         Implementing

·         Assisting the client

·         Evaluating

·         Determining the Client’s level of achievement.