Theories of
growth and development
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Stage
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Proposed/Developed by
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Psychosexual development
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Freud
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Psychosocial development
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Erick Erickson
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Cognitive development
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Jean Piaget
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Moral development
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Spiritual development
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James W Fowler
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Psycho-sexual development- Freud
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Stage
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Development
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a. Oral stage (birth to 1 year)
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Major source of pleasure seeking is centered on oral activities such as
sucking, biting, chewing and vocalizing.
Oral gratification: Infants may prefer one of these over the others.
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b. Anal stage (l to 3 years)
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Operate on the
basis of ego. Mouth is no longer the major source of satisfaction. .Interest
centers in the anal region as sphincter muscles develop. Able to withhold and
eliminate fecal material at will. Toilet training develops and achieves.
Feeling of a distended bladder, masses of feces in the rectum and from the
release of contents of these organs. If it not satisfied child may develop
possessiveness and compulsive cleanliness. The climate surrounding toilet training
can have lasting effect on children's personality.
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c. Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
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The Oedipal period (Freud): the family romance. Childhood sexuality
reaches a peak during the preschool years. Both boys and girls experience a
period of initial attachment to the parents of the opposite sex.
In boys - Oedipus complex.
In the female - Electra complex,
The core gender identity of the preschooler continues to develop.
-Gender-role is influenced by whichever parents assumes a more dominant role
during these years.
·
Masturbation
·
Sex information
·
Effect of parental separation, divorce, &
death
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d. Latency stage (6 to 12 years)
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Children
elaborate on previously acquired traits and skills.
Physical and
psychic energy are channeled into acquisition of knowledge and vigorous play.
During the early latency period children associate with same sex peers and
tend to ignore members of the opposite sex. Between 8 and 11 year, children
begin to perceive sex roles in a near adult fashion.
|
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e. Genital stage (12-20 years)
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Begins at puberty with maturation of the reproductive system and
production of sex hormones. Secondary sex characteristics appear.
Masturbation and sexual fantasy common. Sexual identity and roles. Occupied
with forming friendships and preparing for marriage.
|
Mnemonics:
Old age Psychiatrist love
geriatrics
Or
Old age person love grapes.( they
can’t bite the hard things ;-) )
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