|
|
Erikson
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Freud
|
Piaget
|
|
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Human personality determined by childhood
& adult experiences.
|
Children influenced by sexual drive.
Capable of sexual activities from birth
(which were non-sexual)
|
Intelligence is an extension of biologic
adaptation & has a logical structure.
How children & adolescents acquire
knowledge
|
|
Stage 1
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TRUST vs. MISTRUST
|
ORAL STAGE
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SENSORYMOTOR STAGE
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|
·
Birth
to 1y
·
Trust
when parent is attentive
·
Mistrust
when not
|
·
Birth
to 18m
·
Mouth:
main site of gratification (chewing, biting, sucking)
|
·
Birth
to 2y
·
Learn
through sensory observation
·
Gain
control of motor fx
·
Object
permanence is acquired (cry when mother goes to another room)
|
|
|
Stage 2
|
AUTONOMY vs. SHAME & DOUBT
|
ANAL STAGE
|
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
|
|
·
1 to
3y
·
Child
have a sense of mastery/control
·
Cooperative
or stubborn
·
Autonomy:
makes own decisions
·
S&D:
didn’t
|
·
1 to
3y
·
Anus
& surrounding areas
·
Involved
in bowel fx & bladder control
·
If
harsh toilet training, may become “anally fixated”
·
Child
fight for control, master their environment à OCPD
|
·
2 to
7y
·
Symbols,
language
·
Egocentric
·
Animistic
thinking (objects have life)
·
Sense
of imminent
·
Death:
reversible
·
Lack
of “law of conservation” (2 cups, one tall, one short, each with same amount
of water, which one’s bigger? The tall one)
|
|
|
Stage 3
|
INITIATIVE vs. GUILT
|
PHALLIC STAGE
|
CONCRETE OPERATIONS STAGE
|
|
·
3 to
5y
·
Initiates
motor & intellectual activity
|
·
3 to
5y
·
Genital
area main site of gratification
·
Inless
than3 with opposite-sex parent “Oedipal complex”
·
Increased
genital masturbation
·
Penis
envy from girls
·
Fear
of castration from boys
|
·
7 to
11y
·
Egocentricity
replaced by operational thought
·
Try
to change what they learn in stage 2
·
Death:
irreversible
·
Acquire
“law of conservation”
|
|
|
Stage 4
|
INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY
|
LATENCY STAGE
|
FORMAL OPERATION STAGE
|
|
·
6 to
11y
·
Learn.
Work. Acquire adult skills
·
Industry:
ability to master & complete task, sense of accomplishment
·
Inferiority:
no goals completed. Prone to violence (e.g. children with learning disabilities)
|
·
5 to
11-13y
·
Formation
of superego: values, ethics, resolution of Oedipal complex
·
Sexual
interests: quiescent
·
Sublimation
of sexual energy into energetic learning & play activities
|
·
11 to
end adolescence
·
Abstract
thinking
·
Define
concepts
·
Deductive
reasoning
·
Hypothetical
thinking
|
|
|
Stage 5
|
IDENTITY vs. ROLE DIFFUSION
|
GENITAL STAGE
|
|
|
·
11y
to adolescence
·
Group
identity (appearance)
·
Morality,
ethics
·
Sexual
experience
·
“Normative” identity crisis (at the end of stage)
|
·
11-13y
to adulthood
·
Capacity
of true intimacy
|
||
|
Stage 6
|
INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION
|
|
|
|
·
21 to
40y
·
Early
adulthood
·
Sexual
relations
·
Friendship/relationship
w/o fear of losing self
|
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|
Stage 7
|
GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION
|
|
|
|
·
40 to
65y
·
If
person achieves goals?
|
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Stage 8
|
INTEGRATY vs. DISPAIR
|
|
|
|
·
>65y
·
Sense
of satisfaction w/one self
·
Acceptance
|
 |
| Mega Chart: Childhood Development Theories |
COMMENTS