THIS IS A QUICK GUIDE TO THE APA REFERENCING
STYLE (6TH EDITION)
• The American Psychological Association reference style uses the
Author-Date format.
• Refer to the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.) for more information. Check Library
Search for call number and location(s).
• When quoting directly or
indirectly from a source, the source
must be acknowledged in the text
by author name and year of publication.
IN-TEXT
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To cite
information directly or indirectly, there are two ways to acknowledge
citations:
1) Make it a part of a sentence or 2) put
it in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
Direct quotation – use
quotation marks around the quote and include
page numbers
1) Cohen and Lotan (2014)
argue that "many different kinds of abilities are essential for any
profession" (p.151).
2) “Many different
kinds of abilities are essential for any profession" (Cohen & Lotan,
2014, p.151).
N.B. See the Library’s APA webpage
for a quotation of 40 or more words. Indirect quotation/paraphrasing/summarising
– no quotation marks
1)
Professional knowledge alone does not make someone a very capable
professional (Cohen & Lotan, 2014).
2)
According
to Cohen and Lotan (2014), professional knowledge alone does not make someone
a very capable professional.
N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although it is
useful to include them (Publication Manual, p. 171).
Citations from a secondary source
1)
Gould’s (1981) research “raises fundamental doubts as to whether we
can continue to think of intelligence as unidimensional” (as cited in Cohen
& Lotan, 2014, pp. 151-152).
2)
Intelligence
cannot be believed to consist of one single entity any more (Gould, 1981, as
cited in Cohen & Lotan, 2014).
N.B. To cite a source you found in another source, you must
acknowledge all the authors.
•
The author(s) of the source referred to i.e.
Gould, 1981
•
The author(s) of the work which contains the original
source i.e. Cohen & Lotan, 2014 In the reference list, only
the book by Cohen & Lotan should be acknowledged. Do not list Gould.
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• At the end of your
assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for
each source. References must be listed in alphabetical order by author.
EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY TYPE
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In a reference
list
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In-text
citation
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1. Book with one author
King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New
Zealand: Viking.
N.B. The first letter of the first
word of the main title, subtitle and all proper nouns have capital letters.
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(King, 2000) or
King (2000)
compares Frame ...
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2. Book with two authors
Dancey, C. P., & Reidy, J. (2004). Statistics without maths for psychology: Using SPSS for Windows (3rd
ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson/Prentice Hall. N.B. Before “&” between authors, do not forget to put a
comma.
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(Dancey &
Reidy, 2004) or
Dancey and Reidy (2004)
said… When
paraphrasing in text, use and, not &.
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3. Book
with three to five authors (see Library APA referencing webpage for six o Krause,
K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.).
Melbourne, Australia: Thomson.
N.B. Use & between authors’ names, except when paraphrasing in text.
When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time,
and in subsequent citations include only the first author followed by et al.
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r more authors)
(Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne,
2006) then
(Krause et al.,
2006)
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Jan 2016
4. Book
or report by a corporate author e.g. organisation, association, government
department International Labour Organization. (2007). Equality at work: Tackling the challenges (International
Labour Conference report). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
N.B. When the author and the
publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher field. In text, some
group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are readily
recognisable
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(International Labour
Organization,
2007) or
(International Labour
Organization
[ILO], 2007), then
(ILO, 2007)
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5. Book chapter in edited book
Kestly, T. (2010). Group sandplay in elementary schools. In A. A.
Drewes & C. E. Shaefer (Eds.), School-based
play therapy (2nd ed., pp. 257-282). Hoboken, NJ: John Wileys & Sons.
N.B. Include the page numbers of the chapter
after the book title.
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(Kestly, 2010) or
Kestly (2010) compares educational settings of ...
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6.
Conference paper online – (see Library APA referencing webpage for alternativ
Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring
in higher education: Issues to be addressed in developing a mentoring
program. Paper presented at the
Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Singapore.
Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt
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e formats)
(Bochner, 1996)
or
Bochner (1996) illustrates that...
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7. Course handout/Lecture notes (electronic
version)
Archard, S., Merry, R.,
& Nicholson, C. (2011). Karakia and
waiata [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from TEPS757-11B (NET): Communities
of Learners website:
http://elearn.waikato.ac.nz/mod/resource/view.php?id=174650
N.B. Put format in square brackets -
e.g. [Lecture notes][Panopto video]. This referencing format should be used only for your assignments.
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(Archard, Merry & Nicholson,
2011) then subsequently, if 3-5 authors
(Archard et al., 2011)
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8. Film
– (see Library APA referencing webpage for music and other media)
Preston, G. (Director/Producer). (2010). Home by Christmas [Motion picture].
New Zealand: Gaylene Preston Production.
N.B. For films, DVDs or
videorecordings use [Motion picture] in square brackets. Give the country of
origin and the name of the motion picture studio.
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(Preston, 2010)
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9. Journal article (academic/scholarly) with
DOI
Germann, F., Ebbes, P., & Grewal, R.
(2015). The chief marketing officer matters!
Journal of Marketing, 79(3), 1-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jm.14.0244
N.B. DOI (Digital Object
Identifier) is a unique code assigned to a scholarly/academic publication.
The DOI’s code links to the article online.
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(Germann, Ebbes & Grewal,
2015) then subsequently, if 3-5 authors
(Germann et al., 2015)
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9a. Journal
article with no DOI
Germann, F., Ebbes, P., & Grewal, R. (2015). The chief marketing
officer matters! Journal of Marketing,
79(3), 1-22.
N.B. A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title.
The journal title and volume number are italicised, followed by the issue
number in brackets (not italicised).
Online journal articles with no DOI
no longer require a retrieval statement (i.e. Retrieved from… database).
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Germann, Ebbes and Grewal (2015) claim that
“there have been …” (p. 19).
then subsequently, if 3-5 authors Germann et al. (2015) argue that…
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10. Magazine/Newspaper article –
popular/trade/general interest
Goodwin,
D. K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that story. Time, 159(5), 69. N.B. Full date is used if published weekly; month and year if
monthly.
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(Goodwin, 2002)
or
Goodwin (2002) defends ...
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11. Magazine/Newspaper article with no
author
Report casts shadow on biofuel crops. (2007, October 16). Waikato Times, p. 21.
N.B. Article title comes first. In
the text, abbreviate title and use double quotation marks.
Include p. or pp. before the page
number for newspapers, not magazines.
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(“Report Casts
Shadow,” 2007)
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12. Personal Communication (letters,
telephone conversations, emails, interviews, priv
N.B. No reference list entry as the information
is not recoverable.
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ate social
networking)
(J. Bär, personal
communication, March 19, 2004)
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13. Thesis – Institutional or personal webpage - outside the US
Liu, G. (2014). Improving corporate Internet reporting in China (Doctoral thesis,
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from
http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/2241
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(Liu, 2014) or
Liu (2014) identified ...
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14. Webpage
New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. (n.d.). Agribusiness. Retrieved from
https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/export/market-research/agribusiness/
N.B. (n.d.) = no date. The basic format is: (1)
Author (could be organisation), (2) Date (either date of publication or
latest update), (3) Title, (4) URL.
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(New Zealand Trade and
Enterprise, n.d., para. 1) For direct quote, cite the
paragraph number in text
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COMMENTS